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Protecting DC circuits
By far the best way is to use an active device frequently called a Transorb or TVS. General usage can be seen here. Note that some are simple avalanche diodes so must be inserted in the correct polarity to work. Others are bi-directional and preferred because (a) you can't put them in wrongly (b) they will still work if a floating ground exists.
Protecting AC circuits
The best compromise solution is to use MOVs.



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